* Queen Elizabeth II crowns Charles Prince of
Wales during his Investiture ceremony on July 1 1969, as Home Secretary James
Callaghan looks on. AP Photo, File.
* Dai Bonar, David ‘Dafydd y Dug’ Burns and Glyn ‘Lone Wolf’ Rowlands at the end of the FWA trial. Raymond Daniel.
* Author Arwel Vittle outside Caernarfon Castle.
A bomb was made out of a Horlicks tube in a bid to derail Prince Charles' investiture in Caernarfon by a Llangollen man dubbed "The Barnes Wallis of Wales."
But the device,
created to free the Welsh from the "English yoke," barely caused a
ripple when it was tested, leading the Free Wales Army (FWA) and its
self-proclaimed leader, Cayo Evans back to the drawing board.
The anecdote,
told by journalist Lyn Ebenezer, features in a new book called Charles and the
Welsh Revolt by author Arwel Vittle who was raised in Carmarthen and now lives
in Caernarfon in Gwynedd.
The book
explores the explosive start to King Charles III's royal career and how,
according to nationalists, the "archaic and oppressive (royal) tradition
has been a blight on the nation for centuries," since Edward I deposed the
last native Prince of Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282.
It also
details the bizarre plots which included "kamikaze dogs" and manure to
disrupt the 1969 ceremony at Caernarfon Castle, which also saw four other bombs
planted by the militant group, MAC (Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru).
The
contribution to Vittle's book from Ebenezer recalls travelling to a remote area
with Evans in the run up to the royal proceedings.
"What was
there was about 20 FWA lads testing a new bomb," Ebenezer says.
"The bomb
had been made out of a Horlicks tube and the guy who made the bomb lived in
Llangollen.
"Cayo
introduced him as 'The Barnes Wallis of Wales,' whose bomb is going to release
us from the English yoke."
Barnes Wallis
was an English engineer and inventor best known for inventing the bouncing bomb
used by the Royal Air Force during World War II.
Recalling the
bomb being tested, Ebenezer remembers taking cover behind a stone wall.
"I saw
the smoke rise from the bomb in the wall, and then after a few seconds came a
noise: ‘Pffft.’
"A cloud
of smoke rose up but no stone was dislodged!
"Sheep
were still quietly grazing and none raised their heads.
"And I
remember Cayo’s words clearly: 'F**k it, boys – back to the drawing
board!."
The FWA first
appeared in public at a 1965 protest against the construction of the Llyn Celyn
reservoir near Bala.
On one
occasion, an FWA member fitted a harness to his dog, which he said would be
used to carry sticks of explosive gelignite.
He had dozens
more dogs all trained to carry magnetic devices under Army vehicles.
The story
about these "kamikaze dogs" duly appeared in newspapers and prompted
hundreds of angry letters from dog-lovers.
Another
"plot" included hiring a helicopter to drop farmyard manure on the
Prince of Wales' investiture.
The
consequence of the stunts and exploits of the FWA diverted attention from the
"real bombers," the MAC, masterminded by John Jenkins who was radicalised
by the drowning of the Tryweryn Valley above Bala in Gwynedd.
The Welsh
nationalist and British Army soldier was jailed for 10 years for organising
explosions in a campaign of sabotage against the investiture.
One device
exploded unexpectedly killing two members of the MAC in Abergele.
The following
day, two more bombs were planted in Caernarfon.
One exploded
in a police constable's garden during a 21-gun salute.
Another was
planted at Llandudno Pier where the Royal Yacht Britannia was expected to moor,
but did not go off.
The second
Caernarfon bomb was found by a 10-year-old Buckinghamshire boy playing football
while on holiday, who lost part of his leg when it exploded.
The late
Jenkins is quoted in Vittle's book as saying: "How the hell do you expect
people to celebrate their own defeat?
"To
celebrate the fact in the last 700 years, we hadn’t moved forward an inch and
had moved back a couple of yards.
"To
commemorate it is one thing, but to celebrate it is another story."
Jenkins adds:
"The only way to be heard is to kick up a fuss. And you’ve got to kick up
a fuss that really threatens.
"That’s
why we had to make direct threats to Charles. They were never meant to be
carried out, of course. What would be the point of the political fallout from
killing him?"
Author
Vittle, who runs a translation company, said it was "interesting" to
hear the first hand accounts of the activists and extremists at the heart of
the protest movement.
“It was a tense time not only with the bombing
campaign, but also Cymdeithas yr Iaith’s non-violent protests and large rallies
and Plaid Cymru getting its first electoral successes. I wanted to look at what
caused this extreme reaction around Charles’ Investiture, whether it was worth
it, and whether it could all happen again.”
The
father-of-three and author of popular histories, including I’r Gad, a
photographic history of Welsh language protests, and Valentine, a biography of
Lewis Valentine, the first president of Plaid Cymru, said: "I thought it
would be interesting to look at Charles' formative years in public life as
Prince, which started with a bang as it were, because of the political
atmosphere in Wales, which at the time was pretty febrile.
"With
Charles becoming King and his coronation yet to take place, I wanted to write a
popular history book which was a good read as well as informing.
"Speaking
to many participants, it was good to hear first hand, what it was like to be
part of that period - things that aren't documented in many other history
books.
"Many
hadn't spoken out about their experiences before - particularly around the
secret police and surveillance - some people compared Gwynedd at the time to
being like a police state like East Germany and (the then) Czechoslovakia - it
was interesting to lift the lid on that."
* Charles and the Welsh Revolt is published by Y Lolfa and available to buy online and in all good book stores.
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